A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words ...

Kevin L. Edwards, Florida Attorney

On August 17, 2009, the Task Force On Residential Mortgage Foreclosure, created by the Florida Supreme Court, issued its final report on the "foreclosure crisis" affecting condominium and homeowners' associations throughout the state.

The full report can be viewed at http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/pub_info/documents/Filed_08-17-2009_Foreclosure_Final_Report.pdf

The following quote, taken directly from the report, succinctly sums up what community associations are presently dealing with. Here is what the Task Force said:  

 

Picture this: the biggest road out of town. Now imagine it is rush hour. In a thunderstorm. Add that it also a hurricane evacuation. A lane is closed due to construction delayed by budget impacts. Imagine the traffic jam.

The clearest description of the impact of the foreclosure crisis and the following recession on Florida's courts can be summarized by that picture. Imagine every car a case. The General Jurisdiction Courts of our State have a certain amount of judicial infrastructure, just like there is a certain amount of room on the road. There is a certain capacity of judges, of court staff, of clerks, of filing space, of hearing time, or courtrooms, even of hours in the day. Year in, year out, that capacity flexes with the caseload traffic to afford reasonable, prompt, efficient and fair justice.

The enormous increase in foreclosure filings has overwhelmed those resources in many circuits and represents a traffic jam that the infrastructure cannot meet in a timely and efficient manner without support and traffic management.

I would add to the above quote that at a time when the evacuation route is jam-packed with cars, imagine further that more and more roads are continuing to be closed as the traffic jam gets worse. Unfortunately, that's the scenario facing our courts when the Legislature insists on cutting funding of the courts. The largest expense of the court system is in personnel, so in a time of burgeoning foreclosure caseloads, the courts are actually being forced to lay off staff. Too many foreclosure cases and not enough people to handle them. Indeed, we hear the daily mantra from frustrated clients asking what is taking so long with these cases? Well, truly, this is a "perfect storm." The storm has caused a huge backlog in the court system which significantly delays the time it takes to complete a foreclosure lawsuit.

All is not lost, however. Associations need not sit idle on the sidelines once a mortgage foreclosure action is filed and seems to stall. Directors need to monitor these cases and can often, with the assistance of counsel, file motions with the court to force banks to either foreclose or pay assessments, ask for case management conferences where the court can set some deadlines for action, or the association might even notice the case for trial, which will force the bank to move forward. In fact, this tactic is working. Several judges in districts throughout the state have entered Orders requiring banks to take some action with their foreclosure cases and in some instances, pay assessments to the association during the pendency of the foreclosure.

Learn Your Rights as Owner of Condo, Co-op or HOA Property

Ownership of Property Governed by a Condominium, Cooperative or Homeowners' Association Carries Significant Responsibilities. 

Gary A. Poliakoff, J.D.  and Jennifer Bales Drake both interviewed on Fox Business News.  Click HERE to watch Gary Poliakoff.  Click HERE to watch Jennifer Bales Drake.

Owning property governed by a community association carries responsibilities in addition to privileges.  Among other things, owners bear responsibility for the costs associated with maintenance, repair, replacement and protection of the common property and facilities as well as administration of the Association. 

Mr. Poliakoff explains how important it is for buyers to research the financial status of the Association before purchasing a property in a "Shared Ownership Community" or "SOC", which is the term used in his new book, New Neighborhoods: The Consumer's Guide to Condominium, Co-Op and HOA Living.   The interview also includes comments relative to the housing market, especially with regard to the impact of lending criteria by government sponsored entities such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac

Ms. Drake explains the pitfalls of leasing residential property in the current foreclosure market to Fox Business News' co-anchors Dagen McDowell and Brian Sullivan in the interview posted above.  Bank foreclosures are responsible for significant losses of revenue to community associations throughout Florida and nationwide.

The more owners understand the obligations associated with ownership and occupancy of a residence within a shared ownership community the better.   Community leaders are, for the most part, owners as well.   Minimizing disputes that can become quite costly and aggravating for everyone involved is especially important in this economy, as community leaders need to focus on streamlining operations, reducing expenses and handling delinquencies.

 

Many Florida Condos & HOAs Must Comply with Pool & Spa Safety Act

Lisa A. Magill, Florida Lawyer, Real Estate AttorneyChild's Injury Demonstrates Need for Pool & Spa Safety Retrofit.  

It took more than an hour for rescue workers to free a small child's arm from a pool drain yesterday.  Newspaper and television reports showed emergency workers cutting through concrete and portions of a pipe to release the child.  She was later taken to the hospital by helicopter.  Luckily she was able to keep her head above water during the rescue effort.

Community association pools are often considered 'public pools' subject to regulation by Chapter 514, Florida Statutes.  Pools operated by private condominium and cooperative associations with less than 32 units are generally exempt from certain regulations, but still have to comply with water quality standards.  If the condominium or cooperative has more than 32 units, any pool or spa is considered a 'public pool', unless the recorded governing documents absolutely prohibit less than sixty (60) days rentals (or subleases in the cooperative context).  Condominium and cooperative associations must comply with water quality standards and maintain the appropriate life saving equipment regardless of these exceptions.  Condominium and cooperative associations desiring exempt status must file documents with the Department of Health and receive an initial operating permit.

The Department of Health inspects public pools, including those at condominiums, cooperatives and subdivisions, annually.

Homeowners' Associations do not enjoy the same types of exceptions and therefore must comply with requirements governing all public pools.

The Virginia Graeme Baker Pool and Spa Safety Act became effective on December 19, 2008.  It requires public pool owners and/or operators to:

  1. Replace the main drain/grate cover with a code compliant cover meeting the standards established by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
  2. Modify suction drainage systems to minimize the likelihood of becoming stuck or trapped in the drain.  Some of the options include installing a gravity drainage system with a collector tank, installing an automatic pump shut-off system or a drain disabling device.  

The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) publishes guidelines for approved retrofits and the Florida Department of Health publishes technical information and protocol for retrofits.

We encourage community leaders (and management) to work with reputable contractors to ensure that any modifications are done in compliance with the code.  The Pool and Spa Industry published a warning indicating that some installations are not complete and noting problems with "sloppy" work or price gouging.

What has been your experience retrofitting pools and spas?  Did you require a modification permit from the Department of Health (DOH)? 

 

Q&A: Collecting Rent from Tenants (revisited)

Many readers have posted questions regarding the ability to collect rent from tenants.

It is important to remember that in all of the cases reported previously on this blog, the Court only appointed a blanket receiver to collect rent after the Association filed an action to foreclose its Claim of Lien.  Thus, the Association must pursue the collection procedures set forth in the Condominium Act (Chapter 718, Florida Statutes) or Homeowners' Association Act (Chapter 720, Florida Statutes).  It must send written notice of the delinquency to the Owner, file its Claim of Lien, notify the owner in writing of the intent to foreclose and then file its lawsuit, all before it can ask the Court to allow it to collect rental income. 

Here is an issue that comes up frequently:

  Assume the following:
- A bank has commenced foreclosure proceedings against a unit Owner but not taken possession of the unit
- The Condo association has liened the Owner for past due assessments
-The condo Owner has declared bankruptcy
-The Condo Owner has a renter in the unit & is collecting rent

Can the Condo association obtain a receiver to collect the rent to pay the association assessment?

A bankruptcy filing results in what is known as an "automatic stay".  This essentially stops all collection activity against the debtor. In Senate Report No. 95-989, the Judiciary noted:

The automatic stay is one of the fundamental debtor protections provided by the bankruptcy laws. It gives the debtor a breathing spell from his creditors, stopping all collection efforts, all harassment, and all foreclosure actions. It permits the debtor to attempt a repayment or reorganization plan, or simply to be relieved of the financial pressures that drove him into bankruptcy.

Generally when there is a foreclosure pending against a debtor in bankruptcy, the Court will require payment of post-petition obligations (assessment fees or mortgage payments).  If the debtor files under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code (reorganization), creditors (including the Association and/or the Lender) are prohibited from taking any action to collect past-due amounts.  However, these creditors may file a Motion for Relief from Stay in the event the debtor fails to keep ongoing obligations current.  While the automatic stay is in effect, the Association cannot take further action to collect any past due assessments or charges.  It cannot collect rent directly from the tenant (even if the governing documents provide that type of relief) and any rent collected may be deemed to be property of the bankruptcy estate.  Violations of the automatic stay are not taken lightly by bankruptcy judges.

Some communities have amended their governing documents to include an automatic "assignment of rent" when an owner falls into delinquency status.  The communities that are most successful not only amend the governing documents, but likewise require (through amendment or as part of the approval procedures) a tri-party lease addendum that includes this assignment.  The tri-party lease addendum creates a contractual relationship between the owner, the tenant and the association which is helpful in the event assessment payments from the owner fall behind schedule.  This document generally gives additional rights to the Association in the event the owner fails to control the conduct of the tenant (or the tenant's guests) as well.

All of these actions must be considered in light of the existing governing documents and in conjunction with analysis of the laws governing debt collection (especially when bankruptcy is involved).

Changes to Chapter 558

 Chapter 558, Florida Statutes, the construction defect and notice statute, was changed by the legislature in the most recent term. The changes made by the legislature are as follows:

* The term "completion of a building or improvement" is now defined to include the issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy or equivalent, or substantial completion. "service" was not previously defined.’s efforts to complete a project.

* Service of the Notice of Claim is to be by certified mail, hand delivery or courier with evidence of delivery.

* If the statutory notice is not provided then the court shall stay, not abate, the action.

* The notice requirement shall not interfere with the owner

* Notice is not required for a project that has not been completed.

* The trigger for the dates of completion under the statute are service rather than receipt of the notice.

* No construction lien rights shall accrue for destructive testing unless the owner contracts for the work.

* The timeframe within which information shall be exchanged is now to be within 30 days and includes specifications, as-built plans, photographs and expert reports.

* Chapter 558 shall apply to all contracts for improvements entered into after October 1, 2009.

The above changes are effective as of October 1, 2009. As always, if you are entering into a contract for construction work, or have claims relating to prior construction work, it is important to know your rights and remedies under the notice statute.

 

 

CDD Defaults More Prevalent; Understand Community Development District Operations

Lisa A. Magill, Florida Lawyer, Real Estate AttorneyDevelopers Often Use Community Development Districts (CDD) to Fund Community Infrastructure and Amenities.

Newspapers are filled with advertisements for homes in neighborhoods that have wonderful community amenities.  The streets are lined with sidewalks, beautiful trees tower above medians, there are neighborhood parks and tot-lots, lakes, maybe even a clubhouse with an exercise facility and meeting rooms.  At the sales office you learn that these facilities are solely for the use of the owners within the community.  It is not unreasonable to think that all of these features were built by the developer, at its expense, in order to justify the price of the homes and to encourage sales. 

Well, the latter may be true, but if the property is located within a Community Development District purchasing a home is likely to include a long-term obligation to fund the initial construction of those amenities.

Community Development Districts (CDD) are not new in Florida but use of this mechanism to fund infrastructure and recreational amenities has increased exponentially in recent times.  A CDD is a special-purpose unit created primarily for the purpose of financing and then operating and maintaining community-wide improvements in new communities.  A landowner (usually a developer) petitions the local government to create a CDD with broad powers that enables the CDD to generate revenue.  Bonds are typically issued and payable by the land-owners (purchasers of homes and other properties) in the district over a period of time - up to thirty (30) years.  Additional revenue is generated through special assessments and other fees paid by the property owners in the district.

It is not unusual for a developer, through the use of a CDD, to fund development and construction of the roads, the surface water management systems, parks, clubhouses and other community facilities such as entry features and the like with the initial lump-sum of revenue obtained from the issuance of bonds.  The CDD maintains, operates and administers the property and improvements subject to its control and establishes the fees or other financial obligations of the land owners.

Chapter 190, Florida Statutes became effective in 1980, but CDD's were not very popular in the early years.  Approximately 100 CDDs were created in Florida during the 1990s and then over 200 new CDDs came into existence between 2000 and 2005.  There are currently close to 600 CDDs active in Florida at the present time according to the website maintained by the Department of Community Affairs.

While the Board of Supervisors for each CDD is elected by the landowners, the exercise of the powers and duties of the district, as well as the use of revenue produced by the special assessments and fees, has often come into question.  The developer of the Cory Lake Isles community in Hillsborough County reportedly controlled CDD operations for 18 years.  Residents complained that the developer mismanaged the district's finances and spent CDD money on the developer's personal projects.  When CDD meetings became tumultuous, it hired off-duty police officers to keep the peace, as a CDD expense.   Residents in Cory Lakes have had to pay higher fees, but now have control of the District.

Defaults associated with CDDs have increased, presumably as a result of the downturn in the housing market.  An Orlando based Firm indicated that more than 10% of the CDDs in Florida did not fulfill their obligations.   Defaults may mean even more of the costs will be passed on to homeowners.

Home buyers need to read the 'fine print' before purchasing a home in a Community Development District.

 

 

Solar Energy Program Creates Positive Returns; Governmental Program to Pay for Renewable Energy

Lisa A. Magill, Florida Lawyer, Real Estate AttorneyCustomers Able to 'Sell'  Energy Produced by Solar Panels back to Gainesville Regional Utilities for next Twenty Years.   Expansion of program into other areas could create revenue stream for Community Associations struggling with foreclosures and bad debt. 

Installing renewable energy improvements, such as solar panels, generally involves a large up-front cost.  To encourage the use of renewable energy, many countries institute a "feed-in" tariff system.  Feed-in tariffs (FITs) basically guarantee that homeowners and small business owners who generate more electricity than they use are able to sell that electricity back into the system and receive long-term payments for each kilowatt-hour produced.  As a further incentive, the rates set for each unit of electricity produced from a renewable resource are often much higher than what the market would ordinarily pay.

TheGainesville City Commission was the first in the nation to approve a feed-in tariff for solar PV energy production.   Owners of solar panels will be paid 32 cents per kilowatt hour sold back into the system.  Compare that to the average rates charged throughout Florida and you will see what a wise and sustainable investment this program creates.  According to FPL's website and other sources, residential customers generally pay approximately 9-12 cents per kilowatt hour of energy.  With tax credits and low-cost renewable energy loans, owners are predicting the systems will pay for themselves in as little as six (6) years and thereafter expect returns that make a profit in an amount of up to 20%. The Gainesville program was so popular that it fulfilled its 2009 goals in just three weeks.

There are plenty of opportunities to take advantage of rebate and incentive programs in FloridaCommunity associations struggling to make ends meet can reduce their costs for energy usage with retrofits and changes in practices.  Expansion of this feed-in tariff system to other portions of Florida provides community associations with not only the opportunity to save money, but to create an additional revenue stream, reducing the financial burdens to homeowners.

This type of program would certainly benefit the Sarasota County rancher that spent a half million dollars to install solar systems on her property.  Since the panels aren't connected to multiple meters, the extra energy generated by the panels is 'sold' back to FPL at a discount rate which is approximately half of the retail rate paid for electricity used at the site.

Foreclosures and bad debt plague Florida's community associations.  Governmental programs designed to help Floridians reduce their energy expenses are sorely needed and there is a likelihood that property values in associations with lower expenses (and lower maintenance fees) will rise faster than other similar properties.

No More Mr. Nice Guy

I often get questions from Boards asking what can be done to ensure compliance with the governing documents. My answer is always “Stop being Mr. Nice Guy!” If the violators do not believe there will be repercussions for their acts then there is no incentive for them to stop the behavior.

In essence, an Association needs to have a clear cut policy in place which sets forth the steps which will be taken when there is a violation of its governing documents or a failure to pay assessments. For the latter the Association should discuss the collection process with its collection attorney and create a system which initiates automatically when a payment is first in arrears rather six or twelve months down the road.

For a document violation, the Association should work with its attorney to create a system by which demand letters can be generated and deadlines calendared for further action. For example, if an owner has violated a provision of the governing documents the first step could be a letter from the Association seeking compliance within a specific number of days and advising the matter will be turned over to counsel for failure to comply. Should the owner fail to comply the next step would be to have the attorney issue the demand. This demand would also be time sensitive and would advise of the Association’s position that it will pursue the matter through arbitration, mediation or other legal proceeding and that same may result in an exposure to fees and costs to the owner. The Association could opt for a second demand by the attorney as part of its policy to serve as a “final notice.” Once the deadlines in the demands have lapsed the next step should automatically come in to play. This next step would be non-binding arbitration, pre-suit mediation and/or litigation depending on the nature of the Association (condominium v. homeowners) and the violation.

The theory behind such a clear cut procedure is not to promote wide-spread litigation but rather to deter the inappropriate behavior. Once the owners see that the Association is taking a hard line they will be less inclined to deviate from what is expected of them.
 

Q&A: Condo Receivers; Collecting Rent from Tenants

Subscribers recently posed interesting questions concerning the information in Condo Receivers Help Collect Assessments  such as the following:

 Does the Blank receivership work for HOA's as well?

How would the association/manager/board find out if tenants live in a specific unit and the association docs does not include the screening approval procedure for renters?

The Condominium Act specifically permits the Association to ask the Court to appoint a receiver to collect rental income when the unit owner fails to pay assessments.  Section 718.116, Florida Statutes, provides, in relevant part, as follows:

If the unit owner remains in possession of the unit after a foreclosure judgment has been entered, the court, in its discretion, may require the unit owner to pay a reasonable rental for the unit. If the unit is rented or leased during the pendency of the foreclosure action, the association is entitled to the appointment of a receiver to collect the rent. The expenses of the receiver shall be paid by the party which does not prevail in the foreclosure action.

The Homeowners' Act and specifically Section 720.3085, Florida Statutes contains language identical to the above.  Thus, an Association with several tenant-occupied homes in foreclosure may petition the court for similar relief.

The receiver appointed in the cases mentioned, Seth Heller, advises he uses a number of different tactics to determine whether units/homes are occupied by tenants, including knocking on doors and requesting information at the guard gate.  Surprisingly, many tenants are willing to share information, especially if they have a better chance of avoiding being displaced from the foreclosure.

Another reader posted the following question & comment:

I'm not clear on whether the ruling allows associations
which are not in receivership (lacking a properly elected
BOD) to collect rents directly. Or am I misinterpreting
the term 'receiver'?

Thanks again for providing important information to
those of us who are interested enough to want to learn...
now if we could only find a way to educate those who don't.
 

The receivership explained in the previous post is not a full receivership contemplated by the Statutes in the event there not enough people willing to volunteer for the board.  This program is referred to as a 'mini-receivership' where the Order is specifically tailored to apply to units occupied by tenants, when the owners are facing foreclosure.  Thus, the Board of Directors retains complete control of Association operations and the receiver (often along with the help of management, staff or independent contractors) administers rental payments that would be paid to owners if the Order were not in place.  A 'blanket' order saves the Association thousands of dollars in attorneys fees, since the Association only has to file the Motion/Petition and attend the hearing once, instead of in every foreclosure case filed.  A Court Order is required, but the role of the receiver is limited.

Please let us know about your experiences (good or bad) with this program or other efforts employed to collect assessments.